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Ecological Agriculture in the Middle East

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Working together in a troubled region

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Water-saving crops of the future

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Germplasm - The 6 Alternative Species

A "second-string" list of crop candidates has also been prepared, and a few plants of each will be added to the main planting, with an eye to future introductions and replacements, if the original crop candidates prove unsuitable. These include the White sapote, the Jujube, the Jambolan, the Tamarugo, the Balanites and the Indian almond. All bear valuable fruits and nuts under extreme conditions.

The salt tolerance and hardiness of these plants is very encouraging, but little work has been done with these species, and very little is known about their long- term adaptability and usefulness. Only a few of these trees will be planted and will be closely observed as to adaptation, vigor, impact, suitability. If they are found to be promising, the plantings can be expanded. If they are found to be unsuitable, invasive or susceptible to local diseases or pests, they can be eliminated.


Potential Usefulness of Alternative Germplasm
Crop Products Other Uses
White Sapote Fruit, Flavoring Resistant To Frost
Jujube Fruit, Poles Reclamative
Tamarugo Animal Fodder Reclamative,browse
Balanites Fruit, Edible Sap, Edible Oil, Medicine Reclamative, Fodder, Browse
Indian Almond Nuts, Oil, Wood Shade, Reclamative, Browse
Jambolan Fruit, Wood Shade, Reclamative, Shade

Casimiroa edulis, (white sapote) is an airy spreading tree with pale bark, which produces large greenish yellow fruits that look like apples. The flesh of the fruit has been compared to that of the cherimoya or a sweet avocado.
White sapote
The fruit can be eaten fresh, or turned into preserves and nectar or added to milkshakes, ice cream and yogurt. The fruit is picked when full-sized, but still hard and ripens off the tree in seven to 14 days. The tree grows well on poor and saline soil, and is both drought tolerant and frost tolerant.



Key references: Fruits For Warm Climates, J. Morton, JFM Media, 1986.

Zisiphus jujube, this upright thorny deciduous shrub is extremely hardy, and easily propagated by offshoots. It produces red, papery, date-like fruits which may be eaten fresh, dried ,or used medicinally. The plant grows well in rocky, sandy, and alkaline soils and may be used as a windbreak, or a living fence. When coppiced, the zisiphus jujube produces hardwood poles.
Zisiphus

Zisiphus

Key reference: Manual of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Popenoe, Wilson, Hafner Press, New York, 1920.

Prosopis tamarugo, the tamarugo is a tree from the forbidding Atacama desert of northern Chile, where a salt crust several feet thick covers the soil. It is an evergreen, sparsely branching, leguminous tree that could become a source of shelter, shade, timber, fuel and fodder for animals in the most extreme of arid and saline sites. While this tree has a tremendous potential value, care should be taken in introducing it to more hospitable regions, since very little is known about the potential invasiveness of the species. A test planting of tamarugo should contain a limited number of trees isolated from other plantings.
Tamarugo
Key reference: Underexploited Tropical Plants with Promising Economic Value, National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C. 1975.




aegypticus, (Balanites) Extremely salt and drought tolerante evergreen tree, also known as the lalob, or the Jericho balm tree.It's a source of fruit, edible sap, edible oil, browse,and medicine.

Balanites
Key reference: Saline Agriculture--Salt Tolerant Plants For Developing Countries. National Academy Press, Washington D.C. 1990.


Terminalia catappa, the Indian almond, is an erect tree which may reach 25 meters in height, , is able to withstand flooding, salinity, ocean spray, and high winds. It grows naturally on rocky and sandy coasts. The seed is used as an almond substitute, and the wood is hard, beautiful, and useful in construction and furniture making.
Indian Almond
Key reference: Saline Agriculture- Salt Tolerant plants For Developing Countries. National Academy Press, Washington D.C. 1990.




Eugenia jambolana, (still under investigation as an alternative crop), the jambolan is a fast growing tree with evergreen fleshy leaves, that usually forks into multiple trunks not far from the ground. New growth is reddish, and the bark is a smooth grayish color. The fruit of the jambolan is oblong, purplish with a smooth adhering skin, sweet, and somewhat astringent.
Eugenia jambolana

It is valued for its medicinal properties, but can also be turned into wine, vinegar and preserves, as well as eaten fresh. The tree grows well on almost any well-drained soil, even soil which is excessively alkaline. It is suitable for planting as a windbreak, a nurse tree, a shade tree and for use in roadside plantings.

Eugenia jambolana

Key reference: Fruits for warm Climate, Morton J. JFM Media 1986.




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For more information on this project, contact Dr. Solowey elaine@desertagriculture.org